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Agricultural
Management
Practices Grade 11
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Course data
Foreword
Week 1: Beef cattle
Week 1: Lesson plan
Introduction
Economic importance
Economic importance
Contribution to agriculture
Income and livelihood
Socio-economic functions
Role in rural development
Food security and nutrition
Cultural and social significance
Integration with other farming practices
Industry Trends and Developments
Potential role in industry
Increased exports
Inclusive growth
Market access
Beef and mutton
Animal health and disease management
Research and development
Value chain improvement
Animal manure
Main production areas
Free State Province
KwaZulu-Natal
Eastern Cape
Limpopo
North West Province
Mpumalanga
Northern Cape
Beef Production Breeds
Important Features of the South African Cattle Industry
Supply in 2024 compared to 2023
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Key role players in the red meat industry
Week 2: Breed standards and selection
Week 2: Lesson plan
Introduction
Bonsmara
Bonsmara
Breed standards: (evaluation and assessment of breed)
Selection of breeding animals
Selection of breeding animals
Progeny testing
What is progeny testing?
Purpose of progeny testing
Steps in ancestry testing
Benefits of progeny testing
Disadvantages/Limitations of Progeny Testing
General appearance
General appearance
Selection procedures
Performance testing
Temperament evaluation
Meat and carcass characteristics
Fertility and reproduction
Physiological and morphological assessment
Data collection and traceability
Genetic evaluations (GEs)
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Bonsmara origin
Build forms of the bonsmara bull and cow
Week 3: Breeding Systems and Breeding aids
Week 3: Lesson plan
Introduction
Breeding systems
Crossbreeding
Inbreeding
Breeding aids
Studbook registers
Production records
Production records
Reproductive performance
Growth performance
Feed conversion efficiency (FCD)
Carcass and meat quality
Maternal characteristics
Field adaptability
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
How to register a Bonsmara stud in South Africa
Week 4: Reproduction: aspects of the production unit
Week 4: Lesson plan
Introduction
Reproduction: aspects of the production unit
Breeding goals
Cow population and coverage
Fertility
Pregnancy and calving
Calf care
Record keeping
Selection of breeding animals
Oestrus cycle
Oestrus cycle
Oestrus detection and observation
Management of factors influencing oestrus
Mating
Natural mating
Artificial Insemination (AI) and Oestrus Synchronisation
Artificially introducing
Oestrus Synchronisation
Embryo transplant(ET)
Embryo transplant(ET)
Cloning
Cloning
Gestation period
Gestation period
Service register
Service register
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Freemartin
Week 5: Beef cattle: housing, facilities and aftercare
Week 5: Lesson plan
Introduction
Housing and facilities
Types of housing
Extensive pastures
Extensive pastures
Semi-intensive
Characteristics of a semi-intensive system
Managing a semi-intensive system
Grazing and feeding management
Breeding management
Health management
Record keeping
Infrastructure and handling
Seasonal management
Intensive
Feedlots
Why are feedlots important for the farmer in South Africa?
Feedlot layout
Advantages of a feedlot
Disadvantages/challenges of a feedlot
Feed in the feedlot
Profitability
Types of facilities and their functions
Layout of the kraal
Other types of facilities for cattle
Dehorning of calves
Dehorning of calves
Why should calves be dehorned?
When should dehorning be done?
Methods of dehorning
Treatment after dehorning
Effective management of the dehorning process
Castration
Castration
Management
Identification
Identification
What are the benefits of tagging animals?
Types of branding methods
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Dehorning the Bonsmara breed
Week 6: Beef Cattle Diseases
Week 6: Lesson plan
Introduction
Types of diseases in cattle
Bacteria
Viruses
Tick-borne diseases
Nutrition related diseases
Poisoning
Bovine herd health
Bacteria
Lameness disease (Botulism)
Brucellosis (Infectious miscarriages)
Spongy disease
Anthrax
Paratyphoid (Salmonellosis)
Leptospirosis
Pasteurellosis
Mastitis
Bovine tuberculosis (TB)
Viruses
Lumpy skin disease
Three-day stiff sickness
BVD (Bovine viral diarrhoea) Mucosal disease
IBR Bovine cold
Foot-and-mouth disease
Rabies
Rift Valley Fever
Tick-borne diseases
Anaplasmosis (Tick gall disease)
Heartwater
Red water
Sweating disease
Nutrition-related diseases
Sour stomach (Rumen acidosis)
Bloating
Protein and energy deficiencies
Poisoning
Tulp
Snakehead
Poison leaf
Lantana
Hydrocyanic acid (Brisket disease)
Urea
Sudden death disease
Bacteria
Lameness disease (Botulism)
Brucellosis (Infectious miscarriage)
Spongy disease
Anthrax
Paratyphoid (Salmonellosis)
Leptospirosis
Pasteurellosis
Mastitis
Bovine tuberculosis (TB)
Viruses
Lumpy skin disease
Three-day stiff sickness
BVD (Bovine viral diarrhoea) Mucosal disease
IBR- Bovine cold
Foot-and-mouth disease
Rabies
Rift Valley Fever
Tick-borne diseases
Anaplasmosis (Tick gall disease)
Heartwater
Redwater
Sweating disease
Nutrition-related diseases
Sour stomach (Rumen acidosis)
Bloat
Protein and energy deficiencies
Poisoning
Tulip
Snakehead
Poison leaf
Lantana
Hydrocyanic acid
Urea
Sudden death disease
Bacteria
Lameness disease (Botulism)
Brucellosis (Infectious miscarriage)
Spongy disease
Anthrax
Paratyphoid (Salmonellosis)
Leptospirosis
Pasteurellosis
Mastitis
Bovine tuberculosis (TB)
Viruses
Lumpy skin disease
Three-day stiff sickness
BVD
IBR
Foot-and-mouth disease
Rabies
Rift Valley Fever
Tick-borne diseases
Anaplasmosis (Gall tick disease)
Heartwater
Redwater
Sweating disease
Nutrition-related diseases
Sour stomach
Bloat
Protein and energy deficiencies
Poisoning
Tulip
Snakehead
Poison leaf
Lantana
Hydrocyanic acid
Urea
Sudden death disease
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Food aversion
Week 7: Beef cattle - Animal handling and facilities
Week 7: Lesson plan
Introduction
Livestock handling
Livestock handling
Principles
Stress
Stress in cattle
What is stress in cattle?
Causes of stress in cattle
Signs of stress
Consequences of stress
How to reduce stress
Animal management aspects when handling cattle
Handling and interaction
Transport
Pasture and shelter
Group dynamics
Healthcare
Observation and response
Documentation and training
Ontwerp en uitleg van fasiliteite
Design and layout of facilities
Animal behaviour
Size and shape
Layout of the cattle pen
Suitable material
Safe and effective handling
Safe and effective handling
Hygiene and disease control
Hygiene and disease control
Quarantine
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Colour Sensitivity in Cattle
Week 8: Basic veterinary practices
Week8: Lesson plan
Introduction
Diagnostic Procedures
Temperature
Pulse
Mucous membranes
Observation of behaviour
Rumination
Breathing
Normal breathing
Abnormal breathing in sick cattle
Example lung diseases
Blood smear
Blood smear
Blood samples
Blood samples
Tissue samples (biopsy)
Tissue samples (biopsy)
Skin biopsy / Punch biopsy
Different types of biopsy needles
Incisional biopsy
Liver biopsy in cattle
When are biopsies recommended?
Advantages of biopsies
Immunology in Cattle
Innate Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Passive Immunity
Management practices to support cattle immunity
Proper nutrition
Vaccination programs
Stress reduction
Monitor passive transfer
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Making a blood sample
Week 9: Parasitology
Week 9: Lesson plan
Introduction
Management aspects
Internal types
Internal types
Roundworms
Roundworms
Life cycle of the Roundworms
The consequences of a worm infestation
Control of the free-living stages of the worms
Tapeworms
Tapeworms
Life cycle of the Tapeworm
Tapeworm control
Liver fluke
Liver fluke
Life cycle of the liver fluke
Control of liver fluke
Mites
Mites
Life cycle of mites
Treatment of mites in cattle
Lice
Lice
Life cycle of lice
Treatment of lice
Ticks
Ticks
The life cycle of ticks
Tick control
Internal types
Roundworms: Tapeworm
Tapeworms
Liver fluke
External types
Mites
Lice
Ticks
Identification method
Method
Prevention
Pasture management
Hygiene and clean environment
Quarantine
Nutrition and general health
Methods of control
Chemical treatment
Biological control
Monitoring and testing with a veterinarian
Vaccinations
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
The survival of ticks
Week 10: Nutritional aspects according to physiological stage
Week 10: Lesson plan
Introduction
Nutritional aspects according to the physiological stage of the beef cattle
Calves to weaning age
Heifers
Adult Cows
Pregnant Cows
Lactating Cows
Bulls
Nutritional requirements
Roughages
Concentrates
Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Fats
Water
Rations
Rations
Balanced nutrition
Nutrient interactions
Environmental factors
Regular monitoring
Weaners
Lick program for adult cattle
Procedures
Calves (0–6 months)
Young growing cattle (6 months – 18 months)
Breeding cows
Bulls
Finalisation phase
Summary
Voedingsverhouding
Nutritional ratio
Interpretation of the nutritional relationship
Feed flow program
The Pearson square method to determine the ratio of a feed mixture
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Beef cattle classification
Assessment
Assessment
Week 1: Animal management aspects: Record keeping
Week 1: Lesson plan
Introduction
Animal management aspects: Record keeping
Financial record keeping
Financial record keeping
Why is financial record keeping important
Terms to understand
Types of financial statements that need to be done on a farm
An example of an income and expenditure statement
Balance sheets
Cash flow statement
Production statements
Tools and resources
Tips for effective record keeping
Physical record keeping
Inventory
Depreciation
Labour records
Machinery records
Payroll tax and UIF
Production and animal health programs
Production and animal health programs
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Farm ownership
Week 2: Legislation, Health, and Risk Management
Week 2: Lesson plan
Introduction
Production-related legislation
Animal Protection Act (Act 71 of 1962)
Animal Health Act (Act 7 of 2002)
Animal Identification Act (Act 6 of 2002)
Agricultural Product Standards Act (Act 119 of 1990)
Meat Safety Act (Act 40 of 2000)
Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998)
Basic Conditions of Employment Act (Act 75 of 1997)
Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993)
Animal Feed Act (Act 36 of 1947)
Medicines and Related Substances Act (Act 101 of 1965)
Health aspects on the farm - Management plan
The health of any heard starts on the farm
Purpose of the management plan
Vaccination Program (Example)
Parasite Control (Example)
Biosecurity
Nutrition and health
Reproductive health
Various record keeping
Staff
Emergency plan
Risk management
Risk management
Internal risks
Operational risks
Nutrition risks
External risks
Financial risks
Regulatory and legislative risks
Environmental risks
Fire as a risk
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
The benefits of wildfires
Protea cynaroides (King Protea)
Mosquitoes
Week 3: Pasture management
Week 3: Lesson plan
Introduction
Cattle farmers actually “farm” with grass
Selective and non-selective grazing
What is selective grazing?
What is non-selective grazing?
Objectives of veld management
Sustainable use of pasture
Improving field quality and plant diversity
Planning of grazing rotation and rest periods
Monitoring and adjusting management practices
Improving harmful grazing practices
Grazing systems: Extensive and Intensive principles
Different grazing systems
Factors to consider when choosing a grazing system
Guidelines for a pasture management program
Types of grazing systems
Continuous / persistent grazing
Rotational grazing / Alternating grazing
Block or Strip Grazing
Supplementary grazing
No grazing
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Grass
Week 4: Feed flow program
Week 4: Lesson plan
Introduction
Feed flow program
The importance of feed flow and feed production planning
Requirements that a successful feed flow program must meet
The objectives of a feed flow program
Sequence of feed flow planning
Benefits of a good feed flow program
Basic calculation of a feed flow program for cattle
Calculate Dry Matter Intake (DMI)
Determine nutrient needs
Calculate how much feed is needed
Calculate costs per day and per month
Toepassing
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Oilseed cake
Week 5: Carrying capacity
Week 5: Lesson plan
Introduction
What is the definition of carrying capacity?
What farmers should consider
Basic factors that can affect carrying capacity
Carrying capacity in different areas in South Africa
Animal size and physiological condition
Determining carrying capacity on a farm
Additional considerations for good carrying capacity
The three grassland stages to maintain good carrying capacity
Energy requirements
Energiebehoeftes van beeste in verhouding tot drakapasiteit
What are animals' energy requirements?
How do we connect this to carrying capacity?
Why is this important?
Terminology
Terminology
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Why should we take care of our land in South Africa?
Week 6: Field composition and determination of carrying capacity
Week 6: Lesson plan
Introduction
Background
Main field types in South Africa
Grassland
Savanna
Karoo
Fynbos
Field composition: know the plants on the pasture field
Where are growth reserves stored in grasses and bushes?
When are growth reserves stored?
When are growth reserves used or needed again?
The length of rest for grazing
Planted pasture
Carrying capacity
Determination of carrying capacity
Application
Questions
Answers
Interesting facts
Grasses
Assessment
Assessment
Assessment
Parts of a Agricultural management test
Categories of assessment
Blooms taxonomy
Test 3 Questions
Test 3 Answers
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Course info
Agricultural Management Practices Grade 11
Skill Level
:
Beginner
